A healthy gut microbiome requires more than just bacteria.

Recently, a dangerous fungus superbug known as Candida auris has emerged as a significant threat in hospitals, with reported cases in New York and New Jersey.

This situation is particularly concerning because certain strains of this fungus are resistant to all available anti-fungal medications.

Fungi often have a negative reputation. While edible mushrooms may come to mind as an exception, there are actually beneficial fungal species that play a crucial role in maintaining our health...

Similar to the diverse communities of beneficial bacteria that inhabit various parts of our bodies, various fungi species also contribute to our well-being.

Until 2010, the medical community largely overlooked fungi, but their significance for good health is now being acknowledged.

Overview

• Similar to bacteria, the fungi (mycobiome) present in the gut are essential for overall health.

• While some fungi create protective digestive plaques, others can be harmful by causing gut inflammation or increasing permeability.

• A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, combined with stress management and probiotics containing yeast cultures, can help maintain a healthy mycobiome.

First There Was The Microbiome – Now There’s The Mycobiome

The lower digestive tract, specifically the colon, hosts over 10,000 distinct bacterial strains that collectively weigh three to four pounds. This collection of bacteria, known as the microbiome, has become a focal point of research. Many individuals consume yogurt and probiotic supplements to enhance the population of beneficial gut bacteria.

Additionally, our gastrointestinal system is home to a mycobiome, consisting of 184 different fungal species that make up about two percent of the gut's microbial population.

Long ago, organisms were classified into two kingdoms—plants and animals. However, there are actually five or six kingdoms of living organisms, with bacteria and fungi each representing a kingdom of their own.

The bacterial and fungal communities in our gut interact with each other, which becomes evident when patients undergo prolonged antibiotic treatments. Eliminating bacteria often leads to fungal overgrowth, such as that of Candida albicans, and the associated unpleasant symptoms.

Christopher Thornton, an associate professor specializing in fungal immunology at the University of Exeter, highlights the evolving research focus on the combined role of fungi and bacteria. He states, “It's not just about bacteria anymore—research is increasingly emphasizing the importance of the interaction between fungus and bacteria.”

Research funded by the NIH and conducted by Mahmood Ghannoum, a scientist with over three decades of experience in fungal research, supports this perspective. His team at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, found that both types of microbes collaborate to form digestive plaque.

This plaque coats the lower intestinal wall, safeguarding the microbes and benefiting both bacteria and fungi, resembling the plaque found on teeth.

Need a Balance Between Beneficial and Harmful Fungi

These plaques can comprise beneficial species that aid in food breakdown and maintain a healthy balance of gut organisms, resulting in small, manageable plaques.

However, plaques often consist of large, vigorous fungi that promote plaque growth and release enzymes that harm tissues. These harmful fungi can contribute to digestive issues and a compromised immune system.

Similar to bacteria, there are detrimental fungi that have adverse effects and beneficial fungi that counteract the harmful ones. Maintaining a balance between the two is crucial to avoid compromising digestion, regularity, and overall health.

Various studies support this notion.

In a study conducted in March, researchers from the University of Utah discovered that Saccharomyces cerevisiae “exacerbated intestinal disease in a mouse model of colitis and increased gut barrier permeability.”

In simpler terms, this fungus strain causes inflammation in the colon, leading to the formation of openings or lesions in the colon wall that allow foreign substances to enter the bloodstream.

Another study involving humans found that overweight individuals had lower levels of a fungal genus called Mucor. This condition could be reversed by weight loss. The researchers suggested that “manipulating gut mycobiome communities could be a novel approach in fighting obesity.”

How To Maintain a Gut Environment Favorable to Fungi

The best strategy to prevent fungal imbalances is to adhere to guidelines that support a healthy gut bacteria population.

Eating a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while avoiding processed foods, sugar, artificial ingredients, and excessive alcohol can help. These dietary suggestions can also promote healthy levels of beneficial probiotic bacteria and a microbe known as blastocystis.

Chronic stress can significantly disrupt both the myco- and microbiomes. Individuals experiencing stress may benefit from following Professor Ghannoum’s example by incorporating daily yoga and mindful breathing practices.

Another recommendation is to seek out probiotics containing yeast cultures and bacteria, as most probiotic supplements only contain bacteria.

Summary

Research indicates that fungi in the gut, collectively referred to as the mycobiome, play a crucial role in maintaining gut health alongside bacteria. The balance between beneficial and harmful fungi can impact digestive health and immunity. To support a healthy gut mycobiome, it is essential to consume a balanced diet, manage stress effectively, and consider probiotics containing yeast cultures.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the mycobiome?

The mycobiome refers to the diverse fungal community residing in the human gut, working in conjunction with bacteria to influence gut health and overall well-being.

How can an imbalance in gut fungi affect health?

Imbalances can lead to digestive disorders, increased gut permeability, inflammation, weakened immunity, and even obesity.

How can I promote a healthy mycobiome?

Consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, managing stress, and taking probiotics with yeast cultures can help maintain a balanced mycobiome.

Can all fungi in the gut be harmful?

No, not all fungi are harmful. Some fungi support gut health by aiding digestion and balancing harmful bacteria, while others can cause issues if they overgrow.